LITERATURE


 * __ LITERARY ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE TEXTS, __**  **__ (SHORT STORIES/NOVELS, MYTHS, LEGENDS, TALL-TALES, MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES) __**


 * -PLOT: ** The sequence of events in a story, novel, or play.
 * -PLOT DIAGRAM: **
 * -PARTS OF THE PLOT: **
 * 1) ** Exposition: is background information about characters and setting. It sets the scene for the conflict. Introduces the characters, setting, and problem. **
 * 2) ** Narrative hook: action that attracts the reader´s attention. **
 * 3) ** Rising Action: Develops the conflict **
 * 4) ** Climax: is the highest point of interest, conflict, or suspense in the story. Is the most emotional point in the story. **
 * 5) ** Falling Action: Shows what happens to the characters after the climax. Problems are worked out. **
 * 6) ** Resolution: Show how the conflict is resolved or the problem solved. The final outcome of the story. **


 * -SETTING: ** Time and place in which the events take place.
 * -CONFLICT: ** Opposing forces. There are two types of conflicts. External and internal.

EXTERNAL: 1) PERSON VS. PERSON 2) PERSON VS. NATURE 3) PERSON VS. SOCIETY (IDEAS) 4) PERSON VS. FATE

INTERNAL: 1) PERSON VS HIMSELF

1) MAIN- most important character 2) SECONDARY – minor character 3) ROUND – Character who shows several traits 4) DYNAMIC- Character who changes during the story 5) FLAT – Character who reveals only one trait 6) STATIC- Character who does not change throughout the story
 * -CHARACTERS: ** A person or animal in a story, novel, or play. The characters have certain qualities or **character traits ( see list of character traits)**
 * -TYPES OF CHARACTERS: **


 * -CHARACTERIZACION: ** The way a writer develops the personality of a character in a literary work.
 * 1) Direct Characterization: ** The writer tells readers directly what the character is like. (John is a responsible boy.)
 * 2) Indirect Characterization: ** The write reveals the personality through the character´s words, actions, or thoughts. ( John likes to play soccer, but before he does his homework. Inference: John is responsible)


 * -THEME: ** Generalization about life. Main idea or a story, novel, poem, or play. Could be explicit (STATED) or implied (INFER). (Children must obey their parents. Love is important in life. No one can separate real fiends. )
 * -NARRATOR: ** The person who tells the story.


 * -POINT OF VIEW: ** The relationship of the storyteller or narrator to the story.
 * ** Point of view ** || ** How can you tell ** ||
 * ** First person point of view ** || One character tells the story. The words //I, me, my// are part of the narration ||
 * ** Limited third-person point of view ** || Readers see events through the eyes of one character. ||
 * ** Omniscient point of view ** || Readers see events trhough the eyes of several characters. ||

= = = = = = = = = = = = =CHARACTER TRAITS=
 * __ TALL-TALES __**** : HUMOR, EXAGERATION, AND HEROES **
 * __ MYTHS __**** : GODS, GODESSESS, HEROES, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, METAMORPHOSIS, WORD OF MOUTH, ORAL TRADITION, EXPLANATIONS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA, CULTURE OF A PLACE, **
 * __ LEGENDS: __**** ORAL TRADITION, HEROES, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, CULTURE OF A PLACE **
 * PUNCTUAL
 * RELIABLE UNRELIABLE
 * RESPONSIBLE IRRESPONSIBLE
 * LOVING UNLOVING
 * GENEROUS SELFISH - STINGY
 * KIND UNKIND
 * BRIGHT DUMB
 * INTELLIGENT JEALOUS
 * BRILLIANT CARING
 * CUNNING MISCHIVIOUS
 * SMART STUPID
 * WISE CONCEITED
 * SELFISH UNSELFISH - GENEROUS
 * CURIOUS VAIN
 * DEDICATED HARD WORKER
 * HAPPY SAD
 * MISER HYPOCRITE
 * STINGY GENEROUS
 * CONSIDERATE INCONSIDERATE
 * THOUGHTFUL THOUGTHLESS
 * BENEVOLENT DYNAMIC
 * RESPECTFUL SAVAGE
 * POLITE RUDE
 * GRACIOUS(KIND-MERCIFUL) INTELLECTUAL
 * TALENTED TALKATIVE
 * LOYAL DISLOYAL
 * GREEDY LIGHTHEARTED
 * AMBITIOUS SERIOUS
 * MEAN FUNNY
 * MERCIFUL IMPOLITE
 * BOSSY VALIANT
 * RESOLUTE IRRESOLUTE
 * PERSUASIVE COURAGEOUS
 * CONVINCING UNCONVINCING
 * OPTIMISTIC PESSIMISTIC
 * PERSEVERING BELLIGERENT
 * LOGICAL MODEST
 * EMOTIONAL INSOLENT
 * MODEST IDEALIST
 * DARING ROMANTIC
 * PEACEFUL
 * LONELY
 * MALICIOUS
 * RICH PENNILESS/POOR
 * WEALTHY
 * HONEST DISHONEST

**__ ELEMENTS OF POETRY __**


 * __ Alliteration __** – the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginnings of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words. //It is why I __s__ent the __s__nake coiling and __f__lowing __f__orward…//

// M__i__le after gu__i__leless m__i__le without //
 * __ Assonance __** – the repetition of similar vowel sounds within non-rhyming words, especially in a line of poetry.

(Shakespeare) (5 feet in the meter) // Be pa / tient, for / the / world / is broad / and wide. //
 * __ Blank Verse __**** – ** a verse written in unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, a rhythm pattern with 5 units, or feet, each of which has an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

// L__i__ke a pa__i__r of th__i__ck s__o__cks //
 * Consonance ** – the repetition of consonant sounds before or after __different vowel sounds__.

// For never was a story of more woe // // Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. //
 * Couplets ** – two consecutive lines in a poem or play that rhyme.


 * __ Dramatic poetry __** = usually has 1 or more characters who speak to other characters, to themselves, or to the reader.


 * __ Figurative language __** – communicates ideas beyond the literal meanings of words (metaphor, simile, symbol, personification)


 * Foot ** – the basic unit of measurement in rhythm. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or more unaccented syllables. //Across/the years/he could/recall//


 * __ Free verse __**** – ** poetry that has no fixed meter or pattern.

// Within plum orchard, // // Sturdy oak takes no notice // // Of flowering blooms. //
 * Haiku ** – a three-line poem, usually about nature, often with suggestion of deeper meaning. The form of the traditional haiku requires seventeen syllables – five in the first line, seven in the second, and five in the third.


 * __ Hyperbole __** – exaggeration (//I have told you million times//)


 * __ Imagery __** – the “word pictures” (images) than writers use to help evoke an emotional response in readers. In creating effective imagery, writers use sensory details, or descriptions that appeal to one or more of the five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.


 * __ Line __** – in the poem, a word or a row of words that may or may not form a complete sentence.


 * Lyric ** – a verse of poem that can be sung


 * __ Lyric poetry __**** – ** poems that express thoughts or emotions about a subject (imagery, meter, rhyme, figurative language)


 * __ Metaphor __** – a figure of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does not use like or as . (//Love is a pot full of yellow corn to warm your belly in winter).//


 * __ Meter __** – a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that gives a line of poetry a predictable rhythm. The basic unit of meter is the **__foot__**.


 * __ Narrative poetry __** – verse that tells a story. Includes ballads, epics, and shorter poems.


 * __ Onomatopoeia __**** – ** use of words or phrase, such as //“hiss”// or //“buzz”,// that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes.


 * __ Parallelism __** – the use of __a series of words__, phrases, or sentences that have similar grammatical form. Parallelism emphasizes the items that are arranged in the similar structures.


 * __ Personification __** – a figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics. //The wind whistled through the night. The night smiles as you turn your back to her.//


 * __ Repetition __** – a literary device in which sounds, words, phrases, lines, or stanzas are repeated for emphasis in a poem or other literary work. The use of repetition may lend a sense of unity and continuity to the writing. When a line or stanza is repeated in a poem, it is sometimes called a refrain.

// (block – clock) //** internal rhyme ** occurs within a line, while **end rhyme** occurs at the ends of lines. **Slant**
 * __ Rhyme __** – the repetition of the same stresses vowel sounds and any succeeding sounds in two or more words.


 * rhymes ** occur when words include sounds that a similar but not identical slant rhyme usually involves some variation of consonance (the repetition of consonant sounds) or assonance (the repetition of vowel sounds).


 * __ Rhyme scheme __** – the pattern that end rhymes form in a stanza or poem. It is designed by the assignment of a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme//. (a-b-a-b)//


 * __ Rhythm __** – the pattern of sound created by the arrangement f stressed and unstressed syllables, especially in poetry. Rhythm can emphasize certain words or ideas and give poetry a musical quality that can help convey meaning. Rhythm can be regular, with a predictable pattern or meter, or irregular.

// She is small and sprightly__, like__ a bantam hen. //
 * __ Simile __** – a figure of speech using __like__ or __as__ to compare seemingly unlike things.


 * Sonnet **// – //


 * Sound devices ** – elements of poetry that appeal to the ear. In poetry, sound devices such as **alliteration and assonance** are used to emphasize certain words and underscore their meaning to create or enhance rhythm, and to add a musical quality to the work.


 * __ Speaker __** – the voice of a poem, or the role that the poet plays in a poem. //(a sailor)//


 * __ Stanza __** – a group of lines forming a unit. A stanza in a poem is similar to a paragraph in prose.


 * __ Theme __** – the main idea or message of a literary work. (stated or implied)


 * __ Types of Poetry- __** Narrative, lyric


 * __ Word choice __** – the selection of words to convey meaning, suggest attitude, and create images.

** THE SIMILE ** A **__simile__** is a comparison using like or as. It usually compares two dissimilar objects.
 * For example: ** //His __feet__ were as big as __boats.__// We are comparing the size of feet to boats.

** Willow **** and Ginkgo ** // By Eve Merriam // The //willow is like an etching//, Fine-lined against the sky. The //ginkgo is like a crude sketch//, Hardly worthy to be signed. The //willow’s music is like a soprano//, Delicate and thin. The //ginkgo’s tune is like a chorus// With everyone joining in. The //willow is sleek as a velvet-nosed calf//; The g//inkgo is leathery as an old bull//. The //willow’s branches are like silken thread//; The //ginkgo’s like stubby rough wool//. The //willow is like a nymph with streaming hair//; Wherever it grows, there is green and gold and fair. The willow dips to the water, Protected and precious, //like the king’s favorite daughter//.
 * Exercise 1: ** Using the poem below underline all of the similes. Decide which items are being compared.

The ginkgo forces its way through gray concrete; // Like a city child //, it grows up in the street. Thrust against the metal sky, Somehow it survives and even thrives. My eyes feast upon the willow, But my heart goes to the ginkgo.

** THE METAPHOR ** A **__metaphor__** states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison, but it does NOT use like or as to make the comparison. **__ Identifying Similes and Metaphors __** 1. The baby was like an octopus, grabbing at all the cans on the grocery store shelves. 2. As the teacher entered the room she muttered under her breath, "This class is like a three-ring circus!"
 * For example: ** Her __hair__ is __silk__. The sentence is comparing (or stating) that hair is silk.
 * Exercise2: ** Decide whether each sentence contains a simile or a metaphor. Write the word **SIMILE** if the sentence contains a simile. Write the word **METAPHOR** if the sentence contains a metaphor. Make sure to underline them in each sentence.

3. The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack.

4. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it after a long day.

5. I feel like a limp dishrag.

6. Those girls are like two peas in a pod.

7. The fluorescent light was the sun during our test.

8. No one invites Harold to parties because he’s a wet blanket.

9. The bar of soap was a slippery eel during the dog’s bath.

10. Ted was as nervous as a cat with a long tail in a room full of rocking chairs.

** ALLITERATION **
 * __ Alliteration __**** is the repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row. **
 * For example: **** __P__eter __P__iper __p__icked a __p__eck of __p__ickled __p__eppers. The first letter, p, is a consonant. It is repeated many times. **
 * (If you use a syllable rather than a consonant, it is assonance.) **


 * Exercise 3: ** Using the example below make up your own alliterative phrases.

B__illy__ B__ob__ B__ought__ B__aby__ B__ottles__ C___ C___ C___ C___ C_ G_ G___ G___ G___ G___

1. Puny puma pit their skills against zebras. 2. Pretty Polly picked pears for preserves. 3. Handsome Harry hired hundreds of hippos for Hanukkah.
 * Exercise 4: ** Underline the alliteration in these sentences.
 * Exercise 5: ** Finish the following sentences with alliterative words.

4. Doodling daughters __.__ 5. Prickly pears _. 6. Studious students. 7. Sunny skies. Creating poetry requires the use of imagery. Think of some imagery words to describe some part of nature: sea, a brook, clouds, a tree, a river, an animal, etc. Senses:
 * Figurative Language ** is the language that uses imagery and such figures of speech as similes, metaphors, and personification.
 * Exercise 8: ** List the words in a table such as the following:
 * TOUCH || SMELL || HEARING || TASTING || SEEING ||

**__ Personification __**
 * __ Personification __** is giving human qualities, feelings, action, or characteristics to inanimate (non-living) objects.
 * For example: ** The window winked at me. The verb, wink, is a human action. A window is an inaminate object. Therefore, we have a good example of personification.


 * Exercise 6: ** On your own paper, write the object being personified and the meaning of the personification.

1. __The wind sang her mournful song__ through the falling leaves. 2. __The microwave timer told me__ it was time to turn my TV dinner. 3. __The video camera observed the whole scene__. 4. __The strawberries seemed to sing__, "Eat me first!" 5. __The rain kissed my cheeks__ as it fell. 6. __The daffodils nodded their yellow heads__ at the walkers. 7. __The water beckoned invitingly__ to the hot swimmers. 8. __The snow whispered__ as it fell to the ground during the early morning hours. 9. __The china danced__ on the shelves during the earthquake. 10. __The car engine coughed and sputtered__ when it started during the blizzard. **__Hyperbole__** I've told you a million times not to exaggerate.
 * Hyperbole i ** s a form of speech that could be described as **'extravagant exaggeration'**. It is notappropriate when writing essays or reports, but a little hyperbole (pronounced 'hi-per-bo-lee') is aneffective way to color the speech of a character in a short story, or use it to make a point effectively ina humorous piece of writing.
 * Examples: **
 * I could sleep for a year. **** This box weighs a ton. **** I've told you a million times not to exaggerate. **** Your mother is so small she does chin-ups on the curb. **
 * Exercise 7: **** Write five examples of hyperbole starting the following phrases. **
 * 1. ** Your sister's so skinny, _.
 * 2. ** The test was so hard, __.__
 * 3. ** The Eiffel Tower is so big, _.
 * 4. ** That boy's eyes are so small,.
 * 5. He is so ugly, _. **

**__ IMAGERY __** Imagery involves one or more of your five senses (hearing, taste, touch, smell, sight). An author uses a word or phrase to stimulate your memory of those senses. These memories can be positive or negative which will contribute to the **mood** of your poem. ** The Worker ** // By Richard W. Thomas // My father lies black and hushed Beneath white hospital sheets He collapsed at work His iron left him Slow and quiet he sank
 * Imagery ** is the use of vivid description, usually rich in sensory words, to create pictures, or images, in the reader's mind.

Meeting the wet concrete floor on his way The wheels were still turning--they couldn't stop Red and yellow lights flashing Gloved hands twisting knobs--they couldn't stop And as they carried him out The whirring and buzzing and humming machines Applauded him Lapping up his dripping iron They couldn't stop

You know a couple means two. So a **__couplet__** is a pair of lines of poetry that are usually rhymed. // "Eenie Meenie Miny Moe,Catch a tiger by his toe." // // R // hyming couplets is one of the simplest ** [|rhyme schemes] **** : ** is the pattern of rhyming [|lines] in a [|poem] or in [|lyrics] for music.
 * COUPLET **
 * Example: **


 * Exercise 10: ** Now it’s your turn to write two **couplets.** Remember to identify the **rhyme scheme** in each.

Couplet #1

Couplet #2